Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Essay Example

Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Paper In order to measure the extent to which Freud’s theory can assist to understand a client’s showing issue. an apprehension of the theory will be discussed. I shall so look at the unfavorable judgments in order to do my rating. before coming to my concluding decision. The Theory behind Psychosexual Development Born on May 6. 1856 in Moravia. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian brain doctor who in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. developed the field of depth psychology. Freud developed many theories including those that focus on the unconscious. the reading of dreams. Id. self-importance. and ace self-importance. and what is referred to as the psychosexual development theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Freud saw the unconscious head as the existent beginning of mental energy. which determined behavior. and as many psychological attacks still assert ; behaviors is directed by an individual’s ends. Freud believed that behavior is the direct consequence of influence of all anterior experience. and these influences have greater consequence if from childhood. Harmonizing to Freud these experiences formed solid foundations on which a development kid would construction the remainder of its life. Adult personality was formed from childhood. harmonizing to the experience and intervention as a kid. Freud formed the sentiment that the early experiences of childhood were responsible for the development of personality. particularly during the first five old ages of life. He so went further and divided the infant’s development into phases associating to the comparative importance of zonary parts of the organic structure. which were relevant to the baby at a peculiar point in clip. Oral Phase The unwritten phase occurs in an infant’s life from birth to 18 months. During this clip. an baby is focused with having unwritten pleasance. This occurs through chest or bottle eating. or sucking on a conciliator. It is believed that if an infant receives excessively much or excessively small unwritten stimulation. they may develop a arrested development or a personality trait that is fixated on unwritten satisfaction. It is believed that these people may concentrate on activities that involve the oral cavity such as over feeding. seize with teething the fingernails. smoke. or imbibing. The theory states that these people may develop personality traits such as going highly fleeceable or naif. ever following others and neer taking the lead. and going highly dependent upon others. Anal Phase The anal phase is straight related to a child’s consciousness of intestine control and gaining pleasance through the act of extinguishing or retaining fecal matters. Freud’s theory puts the anal phase between 18 months and three old ages. It is believed that when a kid becomes fixated on having pleasance through commanding and extinguishing fecal matters. a kid can go haunted with control. flawlessness. and cleanliness. This is frequently referred to as anal retentive. while anal expulsive is the opposite. Those who are anal expulsive may be highly disorganized. unrecorded in pandemonium. and are known for doing musss. Phallic Phase Freud believed the phallic phase or the Oedipus or Electra composites occurs during a kid is three to six old ages of age. The belief is that male kids harbour unconscious. sexual attractive force to their female parents. while female kids develop a sexual attractive force to their male parent. Freud taught that immature male childs besides deal with feelings of competition with their male parent. These feelings of course resolve one time the kid begins to place with their same sex parent. By placing with the same sex parent. the kid continues with normal. healthy sexual development. If a kid becomes fixated during this stage. the consequence could be sexual aberrance or a baffled sexual individuality. Latency Stage The latency phase is named so because Freud believed there weren’t many overt signifiers of sexual satisfaction displayed. This phase is said to last from the age of six until a kid enters puberty. Most kids throughout this age signifier same sex friendly relationships and drama in a mode that is non-sexual. Unconscious sexual desires and ideas remain pent-up. Genital Phase Freud believed that after the unconscious. sexual desires are repressed and remain hibernating during the latency phase. they are awakened due to puberty. This phase begins at pubescence and develops with the physiology alterations brought on through endocrines. The anterior phases of development consequence in a focal point on the genitalias as a beginning for pleasance and teens develop and explore attractive forces to the opposite sex. The venereal phase is the last phase of the psychosexual development theory. Freud besides divided the head. the PSYCHE. into three parts: 1. The unconscious – stuff which can non be brought into witting consciousness 2. Preconscious – stuff non presently in witting consciousness but can be brought up to that degree easy. 3. Conscious – stuff that is present at that point in clip. These constructs can be equated to the ID. Ego. and Super-ego. These are abstract constructs which relate to the subconscious forces of the head which dominate human behavior. The Id The Idaho is the lone constituent of personality that is present from birth. This facet of personality is wholly unconscious and includes of the natural and crude behavior. Harmonizing to Freud. the Idaho is the beginning of all psychic energy. doing it the primary constituent of personality. The Idaho is driven by the pleasance rule. which strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires. wants. and demands. If these demands are non satisfied instantly. the consequence is a province anxiousness or tenseness. For illustration. an addition in hungriness or thirst should bring forth an immediate effort to eat or imbibe. The Idaho is really of import early in life. because it ensures that an infant’s demands are met. If the baby is hungry or uncomfortable. he or she will shout until the demands of the Idaho are met. However. instantly fulfilling these demands is non ever realistic or even possible. If we were ruled wholly by the pleasance rule. we might happen ourselves catching things we want out of other people’s custodies to fulfill our ain cravings. This kind of behavior would be both riotous and socially unacceptable. Harmonizing to Freud. the id attempts to decide the tenseness created by the pleasance rule through the primary procedure. which involves organizing a mental image of the coveted object as a manner of fulfilling the demand. The Ego The self-importance is the constituent of personality that is responsible for covering with world. Harmonizing to Freud. the ego develops from the Idaho and ensures that the urges of the Idaho can be expressed in a mode acceptable in the existent universe. The ego maps in the witting. preconscious. and unconscious head. The self-importance operates based on the world rule. which strives to fulfill the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The world rule weighs the costs and benefits of an action before make up ones minding to move upon or abandon urges. In many instances. the id’s urges can be satisfied through a procedure of delayed gratification–the self-importance will finally let the behavior. but merely in the appropriate clip and topographic point. The self-importance besides discharges tenseness created by unmet urges through the secondary procedure. in which the self-importance tries to happen an object in the existent universe that mat ches the mental image created by the id’s primary procedure. The Super-ego The last constituent of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the facet of personality that holds all of our internalized moral criterions and ideals that we get from both parents and society–our sense of right and incorrect. The superego provides guidelines for doing judgements. Harmonizing to Freud. the superego begins to emerge at about age five. There are two parts of the superego: 1. The ego ideal includes the regulations and criterions for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authorization figures. Obeying these regulations leads to feelings of pride. value and achievement. 2. The scruples includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are frequently out and lead to bad effects. penalties or feelings of guilt and compunction. The superego Acts of the Apostless to hone and educate our behavior. It works to stamp down all unacceptable impulses of the Idaho and struggles to do the self-importance act upon idealistic criterions instead that upon realistic rules. The superego is present in the witting. preconscious and unconscious. The Interaction of the Id. Ego and Superego With so many viing forces. it is easy to see how struggle might originate between the Idaho. self-importance and superego. Freud used the term self-importance strength to mention to the ego’s ability to work despite these duelling forces. A individual with good self-importance strength is able to efficaciously pull off these force per unit areas. while those with excessively much or excessively small ego strength can go excessively dogged or excessively disrupting. Harmonizing to Freud. the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the Idaho. the self-importance. and the superego. Criticisms of the theory The book Human Development ( D. A. Louw. 1998 ) states that Freud’s theory is the consequence of an inventive reading of the memories and dreams of grownup neurotic patients instead than the consequence of a systematic observation of kids. This methodical failing is one of the most serious unfavorable judgments of his work. Memory is non a dependable beginning of scientific information. since it is frequently uncomplete. faulty. vague. and can be interpreted in many ways. In add-on. many of Freud’s patients became cognizant of his theories. and it is possible that they unconsciously changed and coloured their dreams and memories to match to his theories. Another unfavorable judgment is that Freud’s database was biased in the sense that he relied chiefly on the memories of his neurotic patients. instead than those of normal. well-balanced people. His attack was besides biased because in Freud’s clip. sexual tabu were much stricter that they are today. So it is possible that his strong accent on pent-up sexual thrusts is the consequence of the morality of that clip. A farther serious unfavorable judgment of his theory is that he saw the individual’s development as practically complete by the age of six. The accent on early childhood has prevented the proper survey of farther development for several decennaries. The concluding unfavorable judgment in this book is that Freud dealt with merely a few facets of human development. viz. psychosexual development. and to a limited grade. the development of aggression. The development of of import facet of human working such as thought. linguistic communication. societal relationships. emotions and motive were either wholly ignored or seen through the screen of his psychosexual theory. Other texts ballad claim to the same unfavorable judgments along with others ; that conclude that the theory is about wholly on male development with small reference of female psychosexual development. Such constructs as libido are impossible to mensurate. and hence can non be tested. and that Future anticipations are excessively obscure. How can we cognize that a current behavior was caused specifically by a childhood experience? The length of clip between the cause and the consequence is excessively long to presume that there is a relationship between the two variables. However. we can non deny that yesteryear has a important function to play in the presenting issue of a client and in the intervention of that issue. The neurotic behavior will necessarily come from a clients past. and I have no uncertainty that we become the people we are today because of our yesteryears. You could associate Freud’s theory to a sociopath. as they neer seem to germinate beyond the ID phase. They refer to others as objects. as they have neer have been able to develop to the latency phase where a lovingness and apprehension of others is acquired. so worlds are simply objects. So. for illustration. a consecutive raper has a demand to fulfill his sexual impulses. his self-importance is non at that place to guarantee that although he may hold that idea it is non socially acceptable to transport out the act. and there is no super-ego to do him experience guilty about his actions. However. it could besides be suggested that said individual was abused as a kid. and in bend. because of the hurting suffered as an abuse-e. they became the maltreater. In footings of moralss. if a healer was to result the psychosexual development as a complete procedure in their analysis of a clients issues. from research. they would hence be seeking through a clients past for the cause of the issues entirely through those phases. and would necessarily hold the demand to happen something within that clip cross to be the cause of the clients issues. This could either. conveying the healer to the decision that there can non be anything incorrect with the client. or could do the client believe that the cause of their issues was related to something that was of no existent relation to their presenting issue at all. therefore doing more emphasis and anxiousness within the client. We all remember certain phases of our life. good and bad. but those phases may be of no importance to us. but if person in authorization is discoursing these issues with you. they come to the surface ( into you witting ) . and so you could easy get down to believe that this cou ld be the cause. Decision Freud’s theories form the footing of all of today’s psychological theories and patterns. whether they are based from an understanding or struggle to his work. The best signifier of pattern is to handle a client’s presenting issues as to no others. but embracing tools from the work of Freud and others. and to integrate those into the pattern of deciding the presenting issues. The unconscious is a really powerful influence. and a good practician will understand this. but they must besides understand how each single interprets past state of affairss an molds them into something that their encephalon can understand. A client’s memory depends on non merely their upbringing. but their societal environment. their beliefs. faith and their coevals. Freud’s phases can easy be discredited all of these factors.

Hand Sanitizers vs. Soap and Water

Hand Sanitizers vs. Soap and Water Antibacterial hand sanitizers are marketed to the public as an effective way to wash ones hands when traditional soap and water are not available. These waterless products are particularly popular with parents of small children. Manufacturers of hand sanitizers claim that the sanitizers kill 99.9 percent of germs. Since you naturally use hand sanitizers to cleanse your hands, the assumption is that 99.9 percent of harmful germs are killed by the sanitizers. Research studies suggest that this is not the case. How Do Hand Sanitizers Work? Hand sanitizers work by stripping away the outer layer of oil on the skin. This usually prevents bacteria present in the body from coming to the surface of the hand. However, these bacteria that are normally present in the body are generally not the kinds of bacteria that will make us sick. In a review of the research, Barbara Almanza, an associate professor at Purdue University who teaches safe sanitation practices to workers, came to an interesting conclusion. She notes that the research shows that hand sanitizers do not significantly reduce the number of bacteria on the hand and in some cases may potentially increase the amount of bacteria. So the question arises, how can the manufacturers make the 99.9 percent claim? How Can Manufacturers Make the 99.9 Percent Claim? The manufacturers of the products test the products on bacteria-tainted inanimate surfaces, hence they are able to derive the claims of 99.9 percent of bacteria killed. If the products were fully tested on hands, there would no doubt be different results. Since there is inherent complexity in the human hand, testing hands would definitely be more difficult. Using surfaces with controlled variables is an easier way to obtain some type of consistency in the results. But, as we are all aware, everyday life is not as consistent. Hand Sanitizer vs. Hand Soap and Water Interestingly enough, the Food and Drug Administration, in regards to regulations concerning proper procedures for food services, recommends that hand sanitizers not be used in place of hand soap and water but only as an adjunct. Likewise, Almanza recommends that to properly sanitize the hands, soap and water should be used during hand washing. A hand sanitizer can not and should not take the place of proper cleansing procedures with soap and water. Hand sanitizers can be a useful alternative when the option of using soap and water is not available. An alcohol-based sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol should be used to ensure that germs are killed. Since hand sanitizers dont remove dirt and oils on hands, it is best to wipe your hands with a towel or napkin before applying the sanitizer. What About Antibacterial Soaps? Research on the use of consumer antibacterial soaps has shown that plain soaps are just as effective as antibacterial soaps in reducing bacteria related illnesses. In fact, using consumer antibacterial soap products may increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics in some bacteria. These conclusions only apply to consumer antibacterial soaps and not to those used in hospitals or other clinical areas. Other studies suggest that ultra-clean environments and the persistent use of antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers may inhibit proper immune system development in children. This is because inflammatory systems require greater exposure to common germs for proper development. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the marketing of over-the-counter antibacterial products that contain several ingredients including triclosan and triclocarban. Triclosan in antibacterial soaps and other products has been linked to the development of certain diseases. More on Hand Sanitizers vs. Soap and Water Hand Sanitizers No Substitute for Soap and Water - Purdue NewsTop Five Reasons to Wash Your Hands

custom college essay tips

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Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Master - Essay Example (ii) to remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted, by making the surplus available to certain groups of domestic consumers free of charge or at prices below the current market level; or (iii) to restrict the quantities permitted to be produced of any animal product the production of which is directly dependent, wholly or mainly, on the imported commodity, if the domestic production of that commodity is relatively negligible. Any contracting party applying restrictions on the importation of any product pursuant to subparagraph (c) of this paragraph shall give public notice of the total quantity or value of the product permitted to be imported during a specified future period and of any change in such quantity or value. Moreover, any restrictions applied under (i) above shall not be such as will reduce the total of imports relative to the total of domestic production, as compared with the proportion, which might reasonably be expected to rule between the two in the absence of restrictions. In determining this proportion, the contracting party shall pay due regard to the proportion prevailing during a previous representative period and to any special factors* which may have affected or may be affecting the trade in the product concerned. Brief Explanation of the Article XI: As the title suggests Article XI is concerned with the General Elimination of Quantitative Restriction from Trade. It goes on to say that a contracting party whether importing goods or exporting them shall maintain no prohibition or restrictions on them except in the form of duties, taxes and other charges that can be effective through quotas, import and export licences or other measures, Article XI advocates for the tariff regime to be put in place as trade measures. It further puts prohibition on either of the contracting parties for introducing fresh quotas and they are also required to eliminate the existing ones. However, it also lays a exception to the quantitative restrictions in case of certain domestic agricultural programs. I found the text of the Article XI by accessing the WTO website and in it the legal documents section of WTO. The URL that I accessed is 2) The cases decided by the WTO Dispute Panels and Appellate Body relating to the interpretation of Article XI are the following : Turkey - Textiles EEC - Imports from Hong Kong. India - Quantitative Restrictions US - Wool Shirts and Blouses EC - Hormones Canada - Periodicals US - Shrimp EC - Asbestos United

THE STOCK MARKET PART II (case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE STOCK MARKET PART II (case) - Essay Example 85). Based on the three companies’ financial statements and historical data, the best company to invest in is Oracle. Oracle is the highest in terms of revenue growth, net income growth, net profit margin, growth rate and dividend growth (see figure 1). Compared to Darden and Sony, Oracle’s performance is more impressive, thus making it the best candidate that would be able to generate more income in the future. Based on stock price forecast for the next 12 months, Oracle will have a high estimate of $42.00 or +32.8% while its median price forecast will be $38.00 or +21.9%; however, the investment would be risky considering that the lowest forecast is $26.00 or a decreased of -17.8% (Oracle Corp., n.d.). Furthermore, it is expected that from 2008 to 2012, the annual growth of earnings per share will be 30.73% and the annual growth of sales will be 32.16%. On the other hand, Oracle’s financial ratios are above average for its industry such as the industry median for price/sales ratio (3.81), price/earnings ratio (14.25), and price/cash flow ratio (11.01) (see figure 2). Also, the current ratio and quick ratio of Oracle is high and this is a good sign that the company has the ability to meet and alleviate its short term obligations when they are due, thus the company is in good financial health. It also shows that Oracle is safe from liquidity problems and its position is much better compared to Darden and Sony. In addition, the stock P/E ratio of Oracle is traded at higher rate than the other two companies because its forecasted earnings growth is also high, making the investment more risky. However, â€Å"rational investors generally require riskier investments to offer higher returns than less risky investments† (Easterling, 2006, p. 82). The high net profit margin of the company implied that the business is doing well and that they have the capacity to control their expenses or liabilities in the company. Investing in Oracle

Pain Leads to Growth Essay Example for Free

Pain Leads to Growth Essay (Thesis Statement) In the Olive Ann Burns novel Cold Sassy Tree, Will Tweedy grows from a somewhat thoughtless fourteen-year-old boy to a more mature and compassionate person. (SO 1) Initially, Will acts in a capricious manner, often hurting people without really understanding the effect of his actions. (SO 2) However, when Will encounters some hurtful experiences and grows from them, he starts to see situations from a new perspective. (SO 3) Subsequently, Will evolves into someone who cares for others and learns to think for himself. (Concluding or Transitional Sentence) Much growth occurs in Will because he realizes that there will be less hurt if people are more accepting of each other. (Transition + TS 1/SO 1) Early in his life, Will is somewhat of a prankster, not taking into consideration the feelings of the people he might be hurting. (Trans. + MS 1) In order to release his anger, Will often uses revenge. (C+Q) Grandpa Tweedy provokes such revenge when he does not allow Will to take the fish he catches off of the hook because it is Sunday. In retaliation, Will plans to give his Grandpa a hornet chase. Will recalls Giving him just long enough to get settled good, [he] let[s] fly a rock and it hit that tin roof like a gunshot. Grandpa burst out of there in a cloud of hornet [ ¦] He know Id done it (107). (Analysis) Will probably does not even care that his Grandpa Tweedy could get stung. Because he does not like him, his welfare does not matter. Therefore, Will just evens things out. (Trans. + MS 2) Read more: No Pain No Gain Meaning Furthermore, Will does not have a problem making up lies about others in order to get out of an uncomfortable situation. When Will goes on a camping trip with his friends, he feels as if he has to change the subject away from the controversial relationship between his Grandpa Blakeslee and his new young wife, Miss Love. Will chooses his Aunt Loma, a rival of his, to humiliate: I wasnt too worried about Aunt Loma. Those were whacking good stories, if I do say so myself [ ¦] Anyhow, it would be worth a whipping to see Aunt Lomas face after she heard (184). Will not only praises his great ability to lie, but thinks that his punishment will be worth the pleasure he will get from seeing his aunt upset. He does not take into account how he would feel in her place or the  embarrassment he may cause. Moreover, Will does not always seem to respect authority. For example, Will gets into a fight at school with a mill boy, Hosie Roach, and his punishment is to chop wood for Mr. Billy Whisnant, a man ailing from rheumatism. Will takes this opportunity to defy authority and to show disrespect for Mr. Whisnant: What wed done, haw, and like I say it was my idea we had cut every stick exactly four inches too long for the Whisnants kitchen stove (267). Will does not take into account that Mr. Whisnant cannot chop wood for himself. Helping him would have been a kind and charitable thing to do. Instead, he feels that he is acting smart by finding a way to defy his punishment. Will does not try to be cruel; he does not realize the impact that his actions can have on others. When he plays a joke on someone, makes up stories, or acts defiantly, he never looks at the situation from the other persons perspective.

Thos Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49 - Embattled Underground Essay

The Crying of Lot 49: Embattled Underground In May of 1966, Richard Poirier wrote an article on Thomas Pynchon's latest novel at the time, The Crying of Lot 49. Clearly a fan of Pynchon's earlier novel V, Poirier praises what he calls another sample of Pynchon's "technical virtuosity" at "apocalyptic sat[ire]," of "saturnalian inventiveness" comparable to John Barth and Joseph Heller (Poirier 1). He admires Pynchon's adept confidence with philosophical and psychological concepts &endash; "his anthropological intimacy with the off-beat" (1). Before addressing what he believes to be flaws in the author's narration (the heaviest focus of the scope of his opinions), Poirier starts with a broad survey of Pynchon's intentions with form. Poirier suggests that the various interwoven quests of the protagonist Oedipa Maas is willfully elaborate to reflect the intricacies of the mind, a wasteland of suspicion and imagination. The imagination of the novels characters "first create and is then enslaved by its own plottings, its machines" (1). Late in the novel, as connections to the Tristero cult stack up, Oedipa wanders into the dense environs of nighttime San Francisco, dizzy with her imagination (or was it?) of the underground symbol: "This night's profusion of post horns, malignant, deliberate replication . . . one by one, pinch by precision pinch, they were immobilizing her" (Pynchon 124). Like the characters in V, Oedipa Maas runs from the responsibilities of love and finds herself in a maze. Pynchon mocks these situations "de void of love" with "Byzantine complications of plot" (Poirier 1). Concerning Pynchon's characters, Poirier also notes their desperate efforts of co... ...ility to describe objects within the American scenery with a tenderness for the "very physical waste of our yearnings, . . . the anonymous scrap heap of Things wherein our lives are finally joined" (5). Pynchon has extraordinary metaphoric skill illustrating his reverence for the human endeavor to code, decode and leave messages, to communicate; his own cry at the pathetic and the haunting failure to communicate. Finally, Poirier states that the largest character throughout the Crying of Lot 49 is Pynchon himself, whose voice moves passionately "with its capacity to move from the elegy to the epic catalogue . . . like a survivor looking through the massed wreckage of this civilization" (5). Works Cited Poirier, Richard. "Embattled Underground." New York Times on the Web 1 May 1966. 22 September 2000. Pynchon, Thomas. The Crying of Lot 49. New York: Har

Analyzing Stylistic Choices Essay

Precise writers make linguistic choices to create certain effects. They want to have their readers react in a certain way. Go back through the text and analyze Krakauer’s use of words, sentences, and paragraphs, and take note as to how effective a writer he is. Analyzing Chapters 8–10 Paragraphs In the first part of Chapter 8, Krakauer quotes Alaskans who had opinions about McCandless and his death. 1. Why does Krakauer cite these letters? How does citing them add to or detract from the text? 2. Choose one of these letters, and respond to it, explaining the degree to which you agree or disagree. Tone Krakauer inserts himself into the story in Chapter 8. 3. Does this give him more credibility? 4. Do you find this annoying? Why or why not? Analyzing Chapters 11–13 A few pages into Chapter 13, Krakauer describes McCandless’s sister’s behavior when she was told about her brother’s death. 5. Why does he use the word â€Å"keening† instead of crying? 6. What are the denotations and connotations of this word? What is its history? Sentences Reread aloud the next-to-last paragraph in Chapter 13, where Krakauer powerfully describes Billie’s grief. 7. Rephrase the paragraph and simplify it in your own words. 8. What makes Krakauer’s description (quoted below) powerful? â€Å"It is all she can do to force herself to examine the fuzzy snapshots. As she studies the pictures, she breaks down from time to time, weeping as only a mother who has outlived a child can weep, betraying a sense of loss so huge and irreparable that the mind balks at taking its measure. â€Å"Such bereavement, witnessed at close range, makes even the most eloquent apologies for high-risk activities ring fatuous and hollow.† Analyzing Chapters 14 and 15 Words Krakauer uses technical vocabulary related to mountain climbing in these two chapters. Investigate the meaning technical words you don’t know. What is the effect of these words on the reader? Summarizing and Responding Chapters 1-7 describe McCandless’s journey and death. Chapters 8-15 try to put McCandless’s life in a larger context by comparing him to other people: other wanderers, his family, and the author of the book. Look over your notes and annotations and answer the following questions. Write your answers in your notebook: 1. How does McCandless compare with the other wanderers Krakauer describes? In what ways is McCandless similar? In what ways is he different? Do we understand McCandless better after making these comparisons? 2. Krakauer and others have speculated that McCandless was estranged from his family because of his relationship with his father. What was his family life like? Does it explain his later behavior? 3. Krakauer clearly feels a strong connection to McCandless. Do you think they were very similar? Why or why not? In what ways is this book as much about Krakauer as it is about McCandless? 4. Taking your notes and your answers to the above questions into account, write a short paragraph answering the following question: Who was Chris McCandless? Thinking Critically Rhetorical appeals are the accepted ways in which we persuade or argue a case. The following questions will move you through more traditional rhetorical appeals. By focusing on appeals to the writer, to emotion, and to logic, you will be able to discover how Krakauer has persuaded us and how you can use these techniques to persuade others when you write or speak. Questions about Logic (Logos) 1. Krakauer summarizes the response to his article by saying, â€Å"The prevailing Alaska wisdom held that McCandless was simply one more dreamy half-cocked greenhorn who went into the country expecting to find answers to all his problems and instead found only mosquitos and a lonely death† (72). Has  Krakauer made the case that the prevailing Alaska wisdom is wrong? Why or why not? 2. At the end of Chapter 9, Krakauer describes Irish monks known as the papar who sought out lonely places so much that they left Iceland for Greenland when some Norwegians showed up because they thought that it had become too crowded, even though the land was nearly uninhabited. Krakauer writes, â€Å"Reading of these monks, one cannot help thinking of Everett Reuss and Chris McCandless† (97). Krakauer implies that there is some kind of similarity between Reuss, McCandless, and the papar, but instead of making a specific connection, he just says â€Å"one cannot help thinking of.† Is this a good argument? Why or why not? 3. Krakauer argues in Chapter 14 that McCandless’s death was unplanned and was a terrible accident (134). Does the book so far support that position? Do you agree with Krakauer? Why or why not? 4. Look for other claims that Krakauer makes that might be weak or unsupported. What are they? Questions about the Writer (Ethos) 5. Chapters 14 and 15 describe Krakauer’s successful attempt when he was 23 years old to climb the â€Å"Devil’s Thumb,† a mountain in Alaska. He also describes what he thinks are parallels between McCandless and himself. Do these chapters increase his credibility for writing this book, or do they undermine his credibility by making it seem like he has his own agenda and is not objective? Questions about Emotions (Pathos) 6. Chapters 11-13 are about McCandless’s relationships with his family. Do any of these descriptions cause an emotional reaction in the reader? If so, what is it about the descriptions that causes this connection? Is it the words? Is it that we identify with the family situations? Do these effects  make the book more powerful? Explain your answer. 7. Chapters 14-15 describe the author’s actions and his emotional and psychological state as he climbs the mountain. For example, when he accidentally burns a big hole in his tent, which actually belongs to his father, he is more worried about his father’s reaction than the cold. What are some other details that have an emotional impact on the readers? How do these affect you as the reader? Reading (Chapters 16-18, Plus Epilogue) Reading for Understanding: First Reading As you read this section of the text, keep your notes, questions, and observations in your Into the Wild notebook. Continue to keep track of the literary quotations that Krakauer uses in his epigraphs. Because you are studying McCandless’s personality to discover why he made the decisions he did, continue to keep a log of McCandless’s personality traits. Reading Chapters 16–18: Into the Alaskan Wild 1. After a long detour, Krakauer brings us back to the scene of McCandless’s death. What does Krakauer discuss in these chapters that he did not discuss in the previous chapters? Why did he delay presenting this information? 2. Krakauer provides a lot of quotations from McCandless’s journal in these chapters. What is McCandless talking about? Why did Krakauer include these selections? 3. Krakauer quotes one of McCandless’s friends, who said that McCandless â€Å"was born into the wrong century. He was looking for more adventure and freedom than today’s society gives people† (174). Do you think this is true? Reading the Epilogue: Grief 4. What was your initial sense of McCandless’s mental condition compared to what you think now? Have you changed your mind? 5. What was your reaction to his parents as they visited the bus? Considering the Structure of the Text Mapping out the organizational structure of the text helps us to understand the content itself. Outlining Chapters 16–18 1. In Chapter 16, Krakauer gives a summary of the last few months of McCandless’s life. Do you think Krakauer admires McCandless or not? Cite your evidence. 2. In Chapter 17, Krakauer does not arrive at the bus until after about four pages. In those first pages, he gives us the details of the equipment he carries, the flow of the river, and the others with him. Is this necessary? What does it add? What does it detract? 3. Krakauer says that McCandless had a kind of â€Å"idiosyncratic logic.† Explain Krakauer’s meaning and the extent to which you agree or disagree with him. Outlining the Epilogue This part of the book is very short. 4. What is the effect of having an epilogue that focuses entirely on the parents’ return to the bus? Does it provide closure? Annotating and Questioning the Text Our first reading of a book gives us the story line, the major conflicts, and a sense of what the author intends. The second (or third) reading provides  richer analyses and a deeper understanding of the text. In the author’s notes, Krakauer provides a guide to our reading—especially to our subsequent reading of Into the Wild. In the â€Å"Author’s Note† at the beginning of the book, Krakauer introduces the complexity of Chris McCandless. His words imply the following four questions, which we have been considering throughout the book: 1. Should we admire McCandless for his courage and noble ideas? 2. Was he a reckless idiot? 3. Was he crazy? 4. Was he an arrogant and stupid narcissist? Make marginal notes as you reread the text. When you respond to the chapter questions, cite the text, if necessary, where you find evidence for your judgments. At this point in your reading, have your answers to these questions changed in any way? Annotating Chapters 16–18 5. List the various miscalculations and mistakes McCandless made. 6. Toward the end of Chapter 16, Krakauer tells us that McCandless read Walden. You may want to take a look at Thoreau’s text and figure out what Chris found most interesting in Thoreau’s discussion of food. 7. Have you ever fasted? Do you know anyone who has? Do some research on fasting and report to the class what you find or write a short report. Annotating the Epilogue The traditional definition of an epilogue is that it is a concluding part of a literary work. 8. Is Into the Wild a â€Å"literary work†? Why or why not? 9. Is the last paragraph of the book an effective ending to the book? Why or why not? Analyzing Stylistic Choices Analyzing Stylistic Choices helps you see the linguistic and rhetorical choices writers make to inform or convince readers. Precise writers make linguistic choices to create certain effects because they want their readers to react in a certain way. Go back through the text, and analyze Krakauer’s use of words, sentences, and paragraphs. Then decide how effective his writing is. Analyzing Chapters 16–18 Tone Read aloud the last paragraph in Chapter 18. 1. How does Krakauer know that McCandless â€Å"was at peace, serene as a monk gone to God†? Explain. 2. Does Krakauer have the right to infer from the photograph that McCandless had the serenity of a monk? 3. What is an alternative interpretation of the photograph? Analyzing the Epilogue Read aloud the last paragraph of the book. 4. Is the language literary? Why or why not? What is its effect on you? Thinking Critically Rhetorical appeals are the accepted ways in which we persuade or argue a case. The following questions will consider the traditional rhetorical appeals. By focusing on the appeal to logic, to the writer, and to emotion, you will understand further how Krakauer has persuaded us and how you can use these techniques to persuade others when you write or speak. Questions about Logic (Logos) 1. In Chapter 16, Krakauer says that McCandless â€Å"seemed to have moved beyond his need to assert so adamantly his autonomy, his need to separate himself from his parents. Maybe he was prepared to forgive their imperfections; maybe he was even prepared to forgive some of his own. McCandless seemed ready, perhaps, to go home.† Do you agree with Krakauer’s assessment? 2. Look at McCandless’s response to several passages in Tolstoy’s â€Å"Family Happiness† toward the end of Chapter 16: He was right in saying that the only certain happiness in life is to live for others . . . I have lived through much, and now I think I have found what is needed for happiness. A quiet secluded life in the country, with the possibility of being useful to people to whom it is easy to do good, and who are not accustomed to have it done to them; then work which one hopes may be of some use; then rest, nature, books, music, love for one’s neighbor—such is my idea of happiness. And then, on top of all that, you for a mate, and children, perhaps—what more can the heart of a man desire. (169) Does this indicate a change in McCandless? Was he ready to â€Å"go home†? 3. Krakauer says that in his original article, he â€Å"reported with great certainty that H. mackenzii, the wild sweet pea, killed the boy† (192). He now feels he was wrong. What evidence does he have for his new position? 4. Does Krakauer prove his hypothesis that McCandless’s death was an unplanned accident? Questions about the Writer (Ethos) 5. What is your impression of Krakauer as a person and a writer at this point? What are some of the details that give you this impression? Questions about Emotions (Pathos) 6. Does this piece affect you emotionally? Which parts? Summarizing and Responding In Chapter 18, Krakauer reports that some cabins stocked with food and emergency gear were located about three hours upstream from the bus where McCandless died. However, after McCandless had been found dead, a wildlife biologist in the area discovered that the cabins had been vandalized. He said, I’m a bear technician, so I know what bear damage looks like. This looked like somebody had gone at the cabins with a claw hammer and bashed everything in sight. From the size of the fireweed growing up through mattresses that had been tossed outside, it was clear that the vandalism had occurred many weeks earlier. (196) Some people blamed McCandless, saying that he was angry that civilization had intruded into his wilderness. Others said that there was no evidence that McCandless had even walked that way. Considering everything you know about McCandless—his journey, his character, his ideas—do you think that he was capable of trashing these cabins? After reading this book, do you know  McCandless well enough to know whether or not he would do this? Write a paragraph in your notebook about your thoughts. Reflecting on Your Reading Process 1. There is still so much unknown about Chris McCandless and his journey. What do you want to learn next? 2. What reading strategies did you use or learn in this module? Which strategies will you use in reading other texts? How will these strategies apply in other classes? 3. In what ways has your ability to read and discuss texts like this one improved?

Prison Overcrowding Essay

The increasing number of inmate population have pushed prisons towards their maximum capacity and in some cases much over leading to inmates double-bunking in single cells or living in open dormitories (Howard 1997). In 1995, a national inmate survey conducted by the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) stated that 26. 4% of inmates shared a cell and 12% of those inmates sharing a single cell felt threatened by their cell-mate (CSC 1995). People who enter prison are deeply affected by its social context. Painful prison conditions have harmful consequences for inmates and to the free world once these inmates are released. Bad prisons are not only unpleasant or uncomfortable; they could be destructive to society as well (Haney 2002). 2. Prison Overcrowding Destructive Effects on Inmates Competition and conflict between increasing numbers of inmates over limited resources such as washrooms, library books, television lounges and recreational materials leads to frustration, higher rates of illness, aggression, violence and higher suicide rates (Howard 1997). Crowding debrieve inmates from space to maintain personal identity or turn off unwanted interactions which creates stress. Inmates cope with excess stress in different ways such as withdrawal, aggression or depression which greatly diminishing social relations and interactions (Howard 1997). Prison overcrowding and idleness have lead to increasing number of explosive situations leading prison administrators to press for new tools to control and contain inmates. Most efforts to improve quality of life of inmates were sacrificed during the rapid increase in population of inmates. Feeley & Jonathan (1992) identified a management style in which correctional decision makers think of prisoners as dangerous individuals that need to be â€Å"herded,† rather than as individuals in need of personal attention. 3. Methods to Reduce Prison Overcrowding To reduce prison overcrowding, researchers have suggested making changes to the design and operation of corrections facilities and reducing the number of inmates. 3. 1 Prison Design Prisons should be designed to resemble normal residence environment to reduce the effect of crowding. Stressful levels of noise caused by walking; talking, yelling and televisions could be reduced by use of carpets instead of tiled floors to reduce metal-on-metal contacts. Television and radio sources could also be isolated to reduce their noise. A more social environment could be created by using cushioned chairs and wall decorations (Howard 1997). New design concepts provide inmates more privacy and the ability to escape to individual space. Studies suggested that the need is not for more room but for more privacy. Inmates should be allowed to decorate and arrange their private rooms and have keys to access their private space. (Johnston 1991). 3. 2 Reducing Numbers of Inmates In their efforts to solve prison overcrowding, officials and researchers in the U. S. agree to reduce the population of correctional facilities in addition to constructing more facilities. Reduction in population of inmates could be achieved by using alternatives such as community supervision and intermediate sanctions such as parole release and fines. Arrests from crimes such as domestic violence, drugs and drunk driving have caused overcrowding in prisons. However, prison crowding can not be reduced by keeping offenders in the community since community-based corrections programs are more crowded than prisons. Most of convicted offenders are in community correction programs such as parole and probation. It is falsely assumes that correctional facilities hold more offenders than community corrections programs. The cost to supervise someone on parole or probation is much less than the cost to keep an offender in prison this is due to the level of supervision per offender (Howard 1997). 4. Conclusion Prison overcrowding could not be solved only by transferring inmates from crowded prisons to far more crowded correctional programs. Proper funding must be allocated to community correctional programs to enable them higher levels of supervision. Increased levels of supervision would enable them to expand their eligibility requirements to handle offenders confined in prison while at the same time maintain public safely. New correctional facilities should be built to contain the increasing numbers of offenders. New facilities should be designed to provide a social environment that resembles that of the free world to help simulate a healthy environment for inmates to develop their social skills. Prisons’ environment should aim to decrease inmate’s stress levels by providing quiet and private space. References Correctional Service of Canada. (1995). CSC National Inmate Survey Feeley, M. & Simon, J. (1992). The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications. Johnston, J. C. (1991). A Psychological perspective on the new design concepts for William Head Institution (British Columbia). Forum on Corrections Research. Howard, J. (1997). Prison Overcrowding. John Howard Society of Alberta. Haney, C. (2002). Prison overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions. University of California, Santa Cruz. Steinhauer, J. (2007). California to Address Prison Overcrowding With Giant Building Program. The New York Times published April 27, 2007.

Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative Essay Example

Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative Essay Example Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative Essay Management Practices Traditional vs Modern Innovative Essay Essay Topic: The Man Of Mode In last many old ages, few direction accounting inventions has been developed. Directors have to do determination on a day-to-day footing every bit good do determinations sing the hereafter and how to last and turn in an energetic market topographic point with of all time turning unsure fortunes. Traditional or modern direction accounting system give relevant information to all degrees of direction, fiscal and other information to do determinations about planning, control of operations and placing chances to add value. The modern direction accounting pattern are typically different from that of traditional direction accounting as they enable directors to do sound determinations to minimise cost every bit good in the same clip add value to the merchandises and services by bettering the quality of merchandises, which is required by the clients, and cut down waste. In add-on, the modern direction accounting systems allow the administration as whole to develop the advanced capacity of the administration and flexibleness so that it can continually alter and better public presentation financially every bit good in its non fiscal countries of public presentation. Traditional vs. Modern Innovative Traditional will concentrate on cost control and, in peculiar, what is recognized as variance analysis and which involves measuring forecast results with existent results for illustration for costs such as stuffs and labor. The types of activity, hence, that direction comptrollers have traditionally involved themselves with include: Cost analysis Cost control Budget readying Budgetary control processes Cost/benefit analysis Investment assessment. More modern, innovative attacks include enterprises such as: Business procedure re-engineering: This is about rethinking and re-designing concern procedures as a agency of cut downing costs and bettering bringing Zero-based budgeting: re-thinking budgets in a manner that engage warranting and prioritizing all points of outgo Activity-based direction: looking at what really causes costs to be incurred, and being better able to calculate and command costs Life rhythm costing: sing a merchandise s costs over its full life rhythm ( instead than merely, for illustration, the initial edifice costs ) Total quality direction: the procedure of uninterrupted quality betterment beyond budgeting : a challenge to traditional budgeting techniques via the usage of more flexible and broad ranging procedures Balanced scorecards: the usage of cardinal public presentation indexs within four different positions fiscal, client, internal concern procedure and learning/growth. Non fiscal public presentation measuring approached gained impulse as a consequence of dissatisfaction with the traditional techniques such as balance sheets and income statement, as engineering increasing and increasing planetary competition, companies able to acknowledge better their mistake and might to better their bing capablenesss and make new 1s the most successful of these being Economic Value Added ( EVA ) . Initially Return on Investment ( ROI ) was used to enhancement the intuition and penetration of directors. It was used to direct down the end for division directors to run into from corporate office. Since directors reward and endorsement chances depended on the ability to run into marks, these nucleus directors has a strong inducement to set their information consequently. Some concerns have built accounting instruction faculties for their directors that help them acknowledge the elaborate information they get. Management comptrollers have a critical duty in fixing and administering preparation stuffs. Nowadays multifaceted managerial milieus proficient maps, peculiarly accounting, need to go more than providers of information. They must turn into a sort of an educating where directors can obtain preparation. So far in legion organisations, comptrollers are excessively feverish to turn out to be teachers and internal wages systems likely depress such public presentations. As the scope of direction accounting messages enlarge to incorporate non-financial presentation indexs, direction comptrollers get an extra challenge. Many directors have complexnesss visualising the cause and ensue relationships that connect cost drivers to fiscal returns. Yet this is the cardinal information needed to pull off value, and instruction is on a regular basis required to assist directors acknowledge improved the ground and consequence dealingss that cause stockholder value. Increasing functional country means that directors are of all time more degage from stockholder values. Many directors are strongly devoted to the association without being dedicated to the fiscal purpose that drives it. Management comptrollers have a duty to take portion in transfusing fiscal control and delegating fiscal values to non-financial directors. One technique is to necessitate operating directors ( instead than comptrollers ) to consistently form and show the fiscal survey of their industry unit. At the similar juncture that the direction accounting function must pay great sum of attending to the efficiency of its interior substructure procedures, other demands are happening. There is lifting force per unit area to diminish on the whole cost of the finance map as a fraction of grosss. There are bit by bit more clip devouring demands for more comprehensive external coverage. While these concluding ends are critical and must be achieved, puting the precedency there merely hike the hazard that internal accounting communications will be unsuccessful to acquire their aims and that direction accounting system modify will be farther postponed. Decision As discussed above, the modern direction accounting relevant to modern organisational direction issues as good rectify and reform the traditional direction accounting patterns to do determinations and specialized determinations based on relevant fiscal and non-financial information depending on the nature of activities, size, external fortunes and market conditions, client profiles, organisational human resource issues, structural issues. Even the modern direction accounting is non extra but can be wholly different. As good, some are more appropriate to assorted organisations and some are non, given the internal direction patterns, size of organisations, top direction support, human resource patterns. Organizational structural issues, employee motivational factors, centralisation decentalisation issues. In other words, before sing implementing modern direction accounting patterns the direction must hold a feasibleness survey sing the above issues and measure the cost and benefit of the systems in fiscal and non-financial footings. Otherwise the benefits are applied without through rating and committedness by top direction, therefore the benefits of these patterns will non be realized to the full. If carefully considered based on adequate facts and non on emotions, so the modern direction accounting with other schemes will surely helpful for direction to do sound determinations and hence contribute to the success of th e organisation than the traditional direction accounting patterns.

An Ordinary Hero

The Bruce Lee Story directed by Rob Cohen (1993) it has fghting, drama and all sorts of other intriguing things throughout the movie. The movie takes place from when he was born in 1940 to when he died in 1973. It is a true story about a legend that changed the martial arts world. It is one Chinese immigrants dream to make it big in the U. S. while making new friends and creating a family while not knowing he is going to become a legend. In the Movie Dragon you can see the understanding of being an immigrant, overcoming the impossible, and of course love is three main reasons Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story is a must watch movie. A hero is what we all look up to. Someone who doesnt necessary need super powers but can make other people believe and support them. As long as I can remember my hero has been Bruce Lee. When I was little all I ever thought of were is movies where he was Jumping, kicking, punching and the ever famous waaaahhhhhhh! whenever he would hit someone. When I grew older I started to realize what he stood for and what kind of person he was. He changed martial arts forever with his teaching. He thought to move like water. Bruce once said Empty your mind, be formless. Shapeless, like water. If you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle and it becomes the bottle. You put it in a teapot it becomes the teapot. Now, water can flow or it can crash. Be water my friend. (chasingthefrog) Bruce Lee coming to America at his time was hard and difficult but nothing stopped him on his way to the top. He did have hard times but he pushed through and won everyones hearts over even the ones that once ridiculed him. His mother in law who didnt want anything to do with him soon came to love him. Bruce suffered a serious back injury in a duel. Doctors told him he would never walk again. While in the hospital, he wrote a book called Tao of Jeet Kune Do, which completely changed the world of martial arts. He could not write the book so his wife rote it down while he talked But with his will to never stop trying and achieve the impossible he worked his way right out of his chair and back to his kung fu. In the movie Bruce Lee is played by an actor named Jason Scott Lee. Jason played in movies such as Jungle book and Balls of Fury. He became Bruce and showed his true attributes and style. He made me feel like he was Bruce and felt like he could do anything Bruce has done. The acting of all characters throughout the movie was phenomenal and replayed Bruces life in the best way and represented/respected his ife, values and culture well. Its full of quality actors that wont disappoint you. Being an immigrant is always tough as well as getting in a serious injury. Having to be with a completely different culture is never easy. Imagine moving to another country and having to fit in with a totally different society. I am pretty sure everyone would agree how hard that would be. And getting injured is also a very difficult thing to go through which everyone knows and understands. Being told that you will never be able to do something ever again is a lot to take in. Then to overcome all that and achieve the impossible is almost starting a whole new life. Everyone is attracted to people doing an extraordinary thing which pulls them even more into the movie. People love, love. They are attracted to love and they love watching others love. Watching love makes them want to go find love or love their special someone even harder. So if you are a boy wanting to see a movie with a lot of fghting but you have to take your girlfriend to a movie she will like. Then take her to this one because the love in this movie is amazing. Let me give a brief summary of the love throughout this movie. Bruce met his wife Linda while instructing one of his kung fu classes. They started dating while others watched and Judged how she was white and he was and Asian. They kept it a secret from her mother for a while but once they told her she said she wouldnt allow it. But that didnt stop them as they listened only to each other. Lindas mother soon came around and knows how great of a guy Bruce is. They went on to get married and have two children named Brandon (boy) and Shannon (girl). Moving from country to country and back again took a toll on the family but the love was still always there. This drama throughout the movie will keep the girl grabbed throughout the whole movie and you might even get a kiss after the movie to make a little of your own love. Now you can see in the Movie Dragon you can see the understanding of being an immigrant, overcoming the impossible, and of course love, is three main reasons Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story is a must watch movie. The movie Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story by Rob Cohen shows everything you could ask for in a movie. I strongly encourage everyone to watch this movie and I guarantee you wont be disappointed. It has old history throughout the movie that everyone can relate too. Tie that into to jumping, kicking, loving and culture then it all turns up to be a pretty sweet movie that everyone can enjoy. Bruce had struggles throughout his life but always overcame them. He always grabs peoples attention and makes people want to be like him or Just do whatever he does.

E-commerce as a Business-to-Consumer International Market Entry Essay

E-commerce as a Business-to-Consumer International Market Entry Strategy - Essay Example In the following paper I will be examining e-commerce in terms of marketing entry strategy and business-to-consumer operations. Marketing mix and strategies for effective product distribution through the channel of e-commerce is reviewed to cover the topic. Ultimately, conclusions and recommendations end up the paper. As illustrated in Figure 1, business to consumer (B2C) refers to the selling of goods and/or services directly to consumers by businesses. The classic example is Amazon (www.amazon.com) which offers in excess of 1.5 million book titles online and has extended its sales into other products, including music CDs, videos and games. Business to business (B2B) refers to the selling of goods and/or services by one company to another as part of their supply chain, and is likely to contribute to at least 80 per cent of the growth of e-Commerce in the next five years. An example is Marshalls (www.marshalls.com). There are significant overlaps between Internet strategy and Internet marketing, particularly if a company adopts a broad perspective of marketing by engendering customer focus throughout the business, as described above. Indeed, the two terms can be regarded as synonymous. Chaffey (2002) regards Internet marketing as a subset of Internet strategy that he calls 'sell-side e-commerce', meaning that it focuses on building relationships with customers, in parallel with 'buy-side e-commerce' that focuses on supply chain management. Chen (2001) regards Internet marketing as dealing with operational rather than strategic issues, but includes customer relationship management in the 'operational' category. In this book, we use the term 'Internet marketing' in a broad sense, while still distinguishing strategic aspects and operational aspects. Usually, when speaking of B2C operations, the business of e-retail is implied in the term. The business of e-retail has been defined as the sale of goods and services via Internet or other electronic channels, for personal or household use by consumers (Harris and Dennis, 2002). This definition includes all e-commerce activities that result in transactions with end consumers (rather than business customers), i.e. B2C rather than B2B. Some e-marketing activities that do not directly involve transactions, such as providing (free) information or promoting brands and image, are considered to be part of B2C but are not normally considered as being within the scope of e-retail. Despite the dot.com crash of 2000, e-retailing has been growing, particularly for the 'top eight' categories that account for three-quarters of all European sales. These major growth areas comprise: books, music and DVD movies, groceries, sex products, games and software, electronic and computer equipment, travel, and clothes. Disadvantages of E-Commerce as an international marketing entry strategy Over perceived benefits of E-Commerce as an international market entry strategy that will be discussed later in this paper, this kind of product or service distribution has its disadvantages. Retailers, for example, may lack the technical know-how, the substantial investment required or